We replicated Loftus et al. (2004, Experiment 1), comparing the differential effect on recognition memory accuracy of inversion for pictures of faces and houses, except that we used pictures of real faces rather than identikit faces and collected more data on each participant, allowing analysis of individual participant performance. We also ran a second between-subjects condition in which study and test orientation were the same to examine the effects of encoding specificity. The first design produced a stronger overall face inversion effect (FIE, i.e., a greater inversion effect for faces than houses) than found by Loftus et al., whereas the second design produced a weaker FIE. Graphical state-trace analysis (Bamber, 1979) supported a two-dimensional structure for the first design and a one-dimensional effect for the second design. We develop Bayesian statistical procedures to estimate the probability of one and two dimensional models and applied them to our data, and checked their performance in simulated data. |